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%%Page: 1 1
BS
0 SI
14 /Times-Bold AF
12866 8138 MT
(Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications)SH
25992 9816 MT
(December 1994)SH
12 SS 
25100 12060 MT
(Digest of Proceedings)SH
/Times-Roman SF
25967 14456 MT
(M. Satyanarayanan)SH
26016 15742 MT
(Program Chairman)SH
/Times-Bold SF
7200 18918 MT
(1. Introduction)SH
31308 XM
(2. Thursday, December 8)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7920 20263 MT
(The goal of this two-day meeting was to)
122 W( foster interaction)121 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
31308 20823 MT
(2.1. Models and Methodology)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7200 21368 MT
(between active workers in mobile computing, with a view)227 W
32028 22124 MT
(The theme)
106 W( of the opening session, chaired by Randy Katz,)105 W
7200 22473 MT
(toward cross-fertilization of ideas.  Given the youth of the)199 W
31308 23229 MT
(was the identification of novel ways of)
57 W( thinking about mobile)58 W
7200 23578 MT
(field, such interactions could have substantial impact on its)177 W
31308 24334 MT
(computing and)
396 W( using these viewpoints to derive system)395 W
7200 24683 MT
(future direction.)
197 W( In)
618 W( keeping with this goal, the conference)196 W
31308 25439 MT
(structures. Doug)
577 W( Terry of Xerox PARC presented the first)177 W
7200 25788 MT
(organizers chose to)
170 W( have a small, informal workshop rather)171 W
31308 26544 MT
(paper, on)
65 W( the architecture of the Bayou system.  The problem)64 W
7200 26893 MT
(than a larger and more formal conference.)
32 W( The)
287 W( workshop was)31 W
31308 27649 MT
(addressed by this work is)
129 W( the maintenance of consistency in)130 W
7200 27998 MT
(sponsored by the IEEE)
648 W( Computer Society Technical)649 W
31308 28754 MT
(shared, replicated data repositories updated by mobile hosts.)138 W
7200 29103 MT
(Committee on Operating Systems, in cooperation with ACM)113 W
31308 29859 MT
(Bayou's model of consistency is reminiscent of that)
380 W( of)381 W
7200 30208 MT
(SIGOPS and USENIX.)SH
31308 30964 MT
(Grapevine, built)
5 W( nearly fifteen years ago.  Updates by a mobile)4 W
7920 31866 MT
(The workshop was held)
77 W( on Thursday and Friday December)78 W
31308 32069 MT
(host to a particular repository site)
193 W( are tentative, until those)194 W
7200 32971 MT
(8-9 1994 at the Dream Inn in)
106 W( Santa Cruz.  The weather was)105 W
31308 33174 MT
(updates are received by)
158 W( the primary site responsible for the)157 W
7200 34076 MT
(beautiful and the oceanside locale)
31 W( spectacular --- alas, it is not)32 W
31308 34279 MT
(data in question.  Updates are propagated to all data sites in an)18 W
7200 35181 MT
(clear whether these helped or hindered the)
171 W( workshop, since)170 W
31308 35384 MT
(epidemic, or rumor-mongering)
395 W( fashion and may become)394 W
7200 36286 MT
(many longing looks were evident on the faces of)
85 W( participants)86 W
31308 36489 MT
(visible to other mobile hosts even before final validation)
135 W( by)136 W
7200 37391 MT
(as they gazed out of the windows!  The General Chair,)
22 W( Darrell)21 W
31308 37594 MT
(the primary site.  Since secondary data)
97 W( sites may not receive)96 W
7200 38496 MT
(Long, had done an excellent)
16 W( job of selecting the workshop site)17 W
31308 38699 MT
(all updates in the same order that the primary site)
234 W( finally)235 W
7200 39601 MT
(and setting the stage for the workshop.  He)
154 W( was assisted in)153 W
31308 39804 MT
(chooses to order them, the state of the)
45 W( data on secondary sites)44 W
7200 40706 MT
(local arrangements)
5 W( by two student volunteers, Jim Cummiskey)6 W
31308 40909 MT
(may differ)
348 W( and tentative updates that have already been)349 W
7200 41811 MT
(and Chane Fullmer.)SH
31308 42014 MT
(applied may)
105 W( have to be rolled back and reapplied after other)104 W
31308 43119 MT
(incoming updates.  The system is careful, however, to)
60 W( always)61 W
7920 43469 MT
(What follows is a)
228 W( summary of the discussions that took)227 W
31308 44224 MT
(make it)
185 W( clear to users which data is derived from tentative)184 W
7200 44574 MT
(place during the workshop.  It is based on notes taken by four)43 W
31308 45329 MT
(updates and which from permanent.)SH
7200 45679 MT
(student volunteers \050Peter)
34 W( Grillo, C.K. Toh, Adrian Friday, and)33 W
7200 46784 MT
(N. Asokan\051.  They did an)
60 W( excellent job of taking detailed and)61 W
32028 46987 MT
(The questions after the)
206 W( presentation addressed two areas:)207 W
7200 47889 MT
(complete notes.  Any errors or omissions)
37 W( in this document are)36 W
31308 48092 MT
(clarification of the consistency guarantees,)
240 W( and the rate of)239 W
7200 48994 MT
(certainly my responsibility, not theirs.)SH
31308 49197 MT
(convergence. Doug)
433 W( indicated that)
104 W( a tentative update may be)105 W
31308 50302 MT
(rolled back and)
25 W( reapplied at a given secondary site at any time)24 W
7920 50652 MT
(This digest is intended to)
99 W( be a supplement to the papers in)100 W
31308 51407 MT
(until that site has)
135 W( heard what the final "commit" ordering is)136 W
7200 51757 MT
(the proceedings, not)
197 W( a substitute.  Rather than producing a)196 W
31308 52512 MT
(that the primary site has chosen for the)
245 W( update.  He also)244 W
7200 52862 MT
(verbatim transcript, I've tried to)
164 W( focus on those interactions)165 W
31308 53617 MT
(indicated that the anti-entropy)
323 W( mechanism responsible for)324 W
7200 53967 MT
(that seemed most insightful, controversial or evoked most)263 W
31308 54722 MT
(update propagation may be executed many)
243 W( times for each)242 W
7200 55072 MT
(response from the audience.  Such a)
101 W( report must, by its very)102 W
31308 55827 MT
(update \050if there are many)
81 W( servers\051.  But the update procedure)82 W
7200 56177 MT
(nature, be subjective.  I've tried to)
36 W( be as objective as possible,)35 W
31308 56932 MT
(converges as long as no host remains partitioned forever.)SH
7200 57282 MT
(but I'm sure there are places where my personal biases)
84 W( show)85 W
7200 58387 MT
(through. My)
946 W( apologies in advance if you attended the)360 W
32028 58590 MT
(The second talk, by Arup Mukherjee, made the case)
183 W( that)182 W
7200 59492 MT
(workshop and your)
98 W( favorite comment, question or discussion)99 W
31308 59695 MT
(existing work on)
423 W( mobility focused on computation and)424 W
7200 60597 MT
(isn't mentioned here.)SH
31308 60800 MT
(communication, to the exclusion of control.  His)
152 W( thesis was)151 W
31308 61905 MT
(that a rich taxonomy of)
79 W( applications emerges when control is)80 W
31308 63010 MT
(given due prominence, and that the taxonomy offers valuable)77 W
31308 64115 MT
(insights into structuring applications)
223 W( to function effectively)224 W
31308 65220 MT
(under the constraints of)
308 W( mobility.  In particular, Class 7)307 W
ES
%%Page: 2 2
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0 SI
9 /Times-Roman AF
7200 7817 MT
(applications \050in)
406 W( his 7-element taxonomy\051 were currently)407 W
32028 XM
(The second)
131 W( talk, on shrinking a replay log using peephole)130 W
7200 8922 MT
(under-represented but offered many advantages in a)
181 W( mobile)180 W
31308 XM
(optimization in a postprocessing step, was presented)
58 W( by Larry)59 W
7200 10027 MT
(environment. The)
803 W( questions after)
289 W( the talk addressed two)290 W
31308 XM
(Huston of the Little Work project.)
307 W( This)
838 W( approach is in)306 W
7200 11132 MT
(issues. One)
423 W( question was whether real applications could be)99 W
31308 XM
(contrast to that of Coda, which)
527 W( applies optimizations)528 W
7200 12237 MT
(mapped as cleanly)
76 W( into the taxonomy as the speaker claimed.)77 W
31308 XM
(incrementally. The)
717 W( primary advantage of the)
246 W( Little Work)245 W
7200 13342 MT
(Arup replied that complex applications are often composed)
49 W( of)48 W
31308 XM
(approach is that the optimization code)
486 W( is a separable)487 W
7200 14447 MT
(subsystems in classes distinct from)
201 W( that of the parent.  He)202 W
31308 XM
(component; hence it is easy to apply)
72 W( to multiple file systems.)71 W
7200 15552 MT
(added that it is the task of the system builder)
112 W( to examine an)111 W
31308 XM
(Peter Honeyman)
80 W( asked what timestamps files received; Larry)81 W
7200 16657 MT
(application at a level of granularity relevant to the issues)
9 W( being)10 W
31308 XM
(replied that they received the replay time,)
67 W( rather than the true)66 W
7200 17762 MT
(considered. The)
313 W( other question)
44 W( was really an observation that)43 W
31308 XM
(modification time, because this allows programs like)
108 W( "make")109 W
7200 18867 MT
(Class 7 applications demand mobile hosts)
86 W( to have substantial)87 W
31308 XM
(to work correctly.  Jay)
244 W( Kistler asked what the asymptotic)243 W
7200 19972 MT
(computing resources; something like an Infopad will)
331 W( not)330 W
31308 XM
(performance complexity of this optimization)
169 W( technique was.)170 W
7200 21077 MT
(suffice.)SH
31308 XM
(Larry answered that it was O\050N**2\051 worst)
117 W( case, but that the)116 W
31308 22182 MT
(running time in practice)
3 W( was quite acceptable.  In response to a)4 W
7920 22735 MT
(Perhaps the most controversial)
10 W( item in the workshop was the)11 W
31308 23287 MT
(question from Terri)
478 W( Watson, Larry said that operation)477 W
7200 23840 MT
(talk entitled ``Are)
200 W( Disks in the Air Just Pie in the Sky?'',)199 W
31308 24392 MT
(reordering was essential)
151 W( for up to 60% of the optimizations)152 W
7200 24945 MT
(given by Mike Franklin.  The approach is to)
51 W( use a network as)52 W
31308 25497 MT
(they were able to achieve.)SH
7200 26050 MT
(a rotating)
116 W( information medium by periodically retransmitting)115 W
7200 27155 MT
(the entire contents of databases.)
76 W( The)
379 W( central idea behind this)77 W
32028 XM
(Predictive caching)
208 W( was the topic of the third talk in this)207 W
7200 28260 MT
(work is to superimpose)
187 W( multiple disks spinning at different)186 W
31308 XM
(session, presented by Geoff Kuenning of the Ficus project at)99 W
7200 29365 MT
(speeds on the broadcast medium in order to)
246 W( support non-)247 W
31308 XM
(UCLA. The)
255 W( goal of this work is to reduce)
15 W( the burden on users)14 W
7200 30470 MT
(uniform data access.  Rather than fetching data)
152 W( on demand,)151 W
31308 XM
(of specifying files to be hoarded)
586 W( in anticipation of)587 W
7200 31575 MT
(clients continuously listen to the transmissions)
302 W( and cache)303 W
31308 XM
(disconnection. The)
957 W( system uses a list)
366 W( of observed file)365 W
7200 32680 MT
(information of interest to)
133 W( them.  This approach is especially)132 W
31308 XM
(references and a set)
190 W( of clustering algorithms to construct a)191 W
7200 33785 MT
(valuable when the network has asymmetric bandwidth.  The)127 W
31308 XM
(plausible mapping of)
328 W( those references into distinct tasks.)327 W
7200 34890 MT
(flurry of questons at the end)
52 W( of the talk covered many aspects)51 W
31308 XM
(Hoarding is)
198 W( then performed on tasks rather than individual)199 W
7200 35995 MT
(of the work.  Satya)
281 W( pointed out that networks in mobile)282 W
31308 XM
(files. In)
414 W( the question period, Lily Mummert pointed out that)94 W
7200 37100 MT
(environments tend)
95 W( to be unreliable:  how can you depend on)94 W
31308 XM
(multiprogramming would complicate the clustering)
158 W( analysis,)159 W
7200 38205 MT
(broadcast data when mobile?  Mike agreed that this was)
189 W( a)190 W
31308 XM
(since the observed)
247 W( stream of file references would be the)246 W
7200 39310 MT
(problem, but)
61 W( that it could be addressed by prefetching critical)60 W
31308 XM
(union of two or more distinct tasks.  Geoff)
1 W( agreed that this was)2 W
7200 40415 MT
(data. Mary)
945 W( Baker observed that broadcast may not)
360 W( be)361 W
31308 XM
(the case, but said that clustering analysis)
107 W( could be refined to)106 W
7200 41520 MT
(supported by some mobile networks.  Karin)
96 W( Petersen warned)95 W
31308 XM
(distinguish between one primary)
392 W( task and a number of)393 W
7200 42625 MT
(that receiving data costs energy; it is therefore an illusion)
114 W( to)115 W
31308 XM
(secondary ones, a)
770 W( common scenario in single-user)769 W
7200 43730 MT
(believe that the)
222 W( broadcast approach comes for free.  Mike)221 W
31308 XM
(multiprogramming environments.  Jay Kistler asked how)361 W
7200 44835 MT
(stated that for some important applications, such as advanced)77 W
31308 XM
(much simulation of)
34 W( the proposed scheme had been performed.)33 W
7200 45940 MT
(traffic information systems, battery power is not a)
174 W( concern,)173 W
31308 XM
(Geoff replied that he preferred results from)
357 W( real use to)358 W
7200 47045 MT
(and that given sufficient demand, there is no reason)
260 W( why)261 W
31308 XM
(simulation results.)SH
7200 48150 MT
(lower-power mechanisms)
116 W( for monitoring the broadcast could)115 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
31308 48950 MT
(2.3. Wiring the Campus)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7200 49255 MT
(not be developed.)SH
32028 50251 MT
(In this first panel of the workshop, moderator)
147 W( Rich Wolff)146 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
7200 51160 MT
(2.2. File Systems)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
31308 51356 MT
(began by observing that)
36 W( the title of the panel was only a loose)37 W
7920 52461 MT
(Lily Mummert presented the first talk in)
2 W( this session, chaired)3 W
31308 XM
(characterization of the work reperesented in it.)
137 W( Each)
497 W( of the)136 W
7200 53566 MT
(by Peter Honeyman.  Her talk focused)
87 W( on techniques to cope)86 W
31308 XM
(participants then gave a brief summary of their work.)SH
7200 54671 MT
(with the performance and reliability of mobile networks.  The)49 W
32028 55224 MT
(Abhaya Asthana)
470 W( described the design of a shopping)471 W
7200 55776 MT
(techniques spanned three)
53 W( areas:  deferring update propogation)52 W
31308 56329 MT
(environment with wireless connectivity)
299 W( for each shopping)298 W
7200 56881 MT
(during periods of)
48 W( low bandwidth, opportunistically using high)49 W
31308 57434 MT
(cart. Vince)
431 W( Russo)
103 W( gave an overview of the deployment of a)104 W
7200 57986 MT
(bandwidth when available, and the use of)
16 W( an abstraction called)15 W
31308 58539 MT
(wireless network at Purdue University, using an)
456 W( ATM)455 W
7200 59091 MT
("dynamic sets" to reduce network latency during search.)
134 W( In)494 W
31308 59644 MT
(backbone switch to cope)
140 W( with en masse movement of many)141 W
7200 60196 MT
(the question period, Peter Honeyman asked how)
66 W( log replay is)65 W
31308 60749 MT
(users, such as will occur between)
330 W( classes.  Mary Baker)329 W
7200 61301 MT
(actually performed during trickle discharge.)
184 W( Lily)
595 W( answered)185 W
31308 61854 MT
(reported on)
198 W( a new project, called MosquitoNet, to increase)199 W
7200 62406 MT
(that the replay occurs)
2 W( as a set of iterations on small parts of the)1 W
31308 62959 MT
(connectivity when switching a host between)
424 W( wired and)423 W
7200 63511 MT
(log. Terri)
647 W( Watson pointed)
211 W( out that applications had to be)212 W
31308 64064 MT
(wireless communication on)
98 W( and around the Stanford campus.)99 W
7200 64616 MT
(changed in order to use dynamic sets,)
31 W( and that they have to be)30 W
31308 65169 MT
(Since all three projects are at a)
31 W( very early stage, there were no)30 W
7200 65721 MT
(able to tolerate the reordering)
19 W( of requests implicit in the use of)20 W
31308 66274 MT
(war stories to report.)
66 W( The)
358 W( ensuing discussion focused on two)67 W
7200 66826 MT
(dynamic sets.)SH
31308 67379 MT
(major issues, both relating to the campus wireless projects.)SH
ES
%%Page: 3 3
BS
0 SI
9 /Times-Roman AF
7920 7817 MT
(The first issue was whether truly "mobile" computing,)
21 W( in the)20 W
31308 XM
(easily revoked)
111 W( by killing the proxy server associated with it.)110 W
7200 8922 MT
(sense of people computing while walking across campus, was)52 W
31308 XM
(Randy Katz requested details of the infra-red)
95 W( communication)96 W
7200 10027 MT
(either likely or desirable.  Many members)
47 W( of the audience felt)46 W
31308 XM
(mechanism used by the Tabs.  Roy)
287 W( said that the typical)286 W
7200 11132 MT
(that a more likely)
317 W( scenario involved students using their)318 W
31308 XM
(bandwidth was 19.2Kbps, although bandwidths up to)
145 W( 1Mb/s)146 W
7200 12237 MT
(portable computers in each classroom, library, etc.)
221 W( but not)220 W
31308 XM
(were possible.)SH
7200 13342 MT
(while they were walking.  For)
60 W( this scenario, all one needs are)61 W
32028 13895 MT
(Terri Watson then described)
100 W( her experience with designing)99 W
7200 14447 MT
(network outlets at each desk)
19 W( in a classroom; wireless coverage)18 W
31308 15000 MT
(applications for wireless computing.)
154 W( The)
534 W( theme of her talk)155 W
7200 15552 MT
(is not necessary.  Satya)
1 W( pointed out, however, that truly mobile)2 W
31308 16105 MT
(was that)
584 W( developers should exploit application-specific)583 W
7200 16657 MT
(applications do exist.  For example, experiments are)
374 W( in)373 W
31308 17210 MT
(knowledge to address)
120 W( mobile resource constaints.  In certain)121 W
7200 17762 MT
(progress at)
123 W( UC Santa Barbara to allow visually handicapped)124 W
31308 18315 MT
(cases, it)
165 W( is desirable to offer alternative actions to the user,)164 W
7200 18867 MT
(people to navigate on campus using)
218 W( portable computers to)217 W
31308 19420 MT
(allowing them to make performance)
234 W( versus cost decisions.)235 W
7200 19972 MT
(sense current location and to give directions with)
355 W( voice)356 W
31308 20525 MT
(Geoff Kuenning asked whether it is realistic)
241 W( to expect all)240 W
7200 21077 MT
(synthesis.)SH
31308 21630 MT
(existing applications to be rewritten)
509 W( according to this)510 W
7920 22735 MT
(The second)
441 W( issue was the impact of campus mobile)440 W
31308 XM
(philosophy. Terri)
379 W( replied that the highest payoff applications)77 W
7200 23840 MT
(computing on social)
101 W( mores and etiquette.  For example, how)102 W
31308 XM
(would be)
87 W( rewritten regardless of effort involved, and that the)88 W
7200 24945 MT
(does one prevent electronic cheating such as by)
299 W( students)298 W
31308 XM
(total number of viable)
137 W( applications in a mobile environment)136 W
7200 26050 MT
(passing zephyr messages to each other during an exam?)
29 W( Even)284 W
31308 XM
(were limited.)SH
7200 27155 MT
(with a perfectly honest population, there are issues)
177 W( such as)176 W
32028 27708 MT
(The final talk in the)
84 W( session was by Kenjiro Cho, reporting)85 W
7200 28260 MT
(whether it is acceptable for a person with noisy keyboard)
119 W( to)120 W
31308 28813 MT
(on the)
256 W( use of group communication primitives for mobile)255 W
7200 29365 MT
(disrupt a lecture, or to intrude upon a discussion.)SH
31308 29918 MT
(computing. The)
1072 W( talk closely followed the paper, with)424 W
31308 31023 MT
(emphasis on establishing that the)
217 W( performance overhead of)216 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
7200 31270 MT
(2.4. Application Frameworks)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
31308 32128 MT
(this approach was indeed acceptable.  In response to)
160 W( David)161 W
7920 32571 MT
(In the session after lunch, chaired)
150 W( by Dan Duchamp, four)149 W
31308 33233 MT
(Steere's question about)
220 W( behavior during network partitions,)219 W
7200 33676 MT
(papers were presented.  Each)
181 W( of these papers focused on a)182 W
31308 34338 MT
(Kenjiro explained that ISIS)
898 W( only supports group)899 W
7200 34781 MT
(broad class of mobile applications,)
90 W( and described a paradigm)89 W
31308 35443 MT
(communication in the majority partition.  C.Toh asked)438 W
7200 35886 MT
(or set of techniques applicable to that class.)SH
31308 36548 MT
(whether clients)
273 W( needed to explicitly select a new primary)274 W
7920 37544 MT
(The paper on teleporting, presented by Frazer Bennett,)328 W
31308 37653 MT
(server during partitions; Kenjiro replied that this selection)
24 W( was)23 W
7200 38649 MT
(reported on experience with using a)
180 W( system that allows the)179 W
31308 38758 MT
(subsumed by ISIS.)SH
7200 39754 MT
(display of an application to follow)
35 W( a user around as he moves,)36 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
31308 40663 MT
(2.5. Exploiting Mobility Commercially)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7200 40859 MT
(leaving program execution at the original site.)
72 W( This)
367 W( ability is)71 W
7200 41964 MT
(especially convenient when combined with an active badge)188 W
32028 XM
(Many participants have told me)
49 W( that this panel, representing)50 W
7200 43069 MT
(system that tracks)
384 W( user location.  Questions from Peter)383 W
31308 XM
(industry's perspective on mobile computing,)
242 W( was the most)241 W
7200 44174 MT
(Honeyman and James Kempf probed the limitations of)
180 W( this)181 W
31308 XM
(exciting part of the workshop.  Amal Shaheen of IBM)
39 W( Austin,)40 W
7200 45279 MT
(approach. In)
799 W( particular,)
287 W( they were concerned that hiding)286 W
31308 XM
(the moderator of the panel, posed four questions for the)299 W
7200 46384 MT
(display changes from applications would)
109 W( render them unable)110 W
31308 XM
(panelists:)SH
7200 47489 MT
(to adapt)
436 W( correctly to changes in display size or color)435 W
33108 47608 MT
(1.)SH
34008 XM
(Is there money to be made in mobile computing?)SH
7200 48594 MT
(characteristics. Frazer)
279 W( agreed that this approach would indeed)27 W
33108 49229 MT
(2.)SH
34008 XM
(What are the characteristics)
23 W( of successful mobile)24 W
7200 49699 MT
(be inadvisable for applications that were)
193 W( tightly coupled to)192 W
34008 50243 MT
(applications?)SH
7200 50804 MT
(specific display characteristics.)
327 W( Dan Duchamp asked how)328 W
33108 51864 MT
(3.)SH
34008 XM
(What is the impact of mobility?)SH
7200 51909 MT
(ambiguities, such as the presence of two)
67 W( displays in the same)66 W
7200 53014 MT
(room, were resolved.)
1 W( Frazer replied the user is iterated through)2 W
33108 53485 MT
(4.)SH
34008 XM
(What are the)
203 W( merits of a client-only approach)202 W
7200 54119 MT
(the choices of display and can pick one.)
185 W( In)
594 W( response to a)184 W
34008 54499 MT
(versus one that requires modifications to)
215 W( both)216 W
7200 55224 MT
(question from Karin Petersen,)
265 W( Frazer said that it was not)266 W
34008 55513 MT
(clients and servers?)SH
7200 56329 MT
(possible at present to allow selective movement of windows.)102 W
32028 57171 MT
(After posing the questions, Amal gave)
50 W( her answers to them.)49 W
7200 57434 MT
(There was also a flurry of questions and heated discussion)
59 W( on)60 W
31308 58276 MT
(She was confident)
85 W( that there is a lot of money to be made in)86 W
7200 58539 MT
(issues of privacy and security.)SH
31308 59381 MT
(mobile hardware, but felt that there is)
282 W( no data to decide)281 W
7920 60197 MT
(The next)
8 W( talk, by Roy Want, described work at Xerox PARC)7 W
31308 60486 MT
(whether the same was true of software.)
105 W( The)
437 W( trick will be to)106 W
7200 61302 MT
(on making)
380 W( ParcTab applications sensitive to the current)381 W
31308 61591 MT
(find out what the users expect)
180 W( and deliver something more)179 W
7200 62407 MT
(physical location of the user.  David)
162 W( Steere asked what the)161 W
31308 62696 MT
(than that expectation.  She felt that packaging and ease)
49 W( of use)50 W
7200 63512 MT
(security consequences of losing a)
106 W( Tab were.  Roy and Karin)107 W
31308 63801 MT
(were important characterstics of a)
353 W( successful application,)352 W
7200 64617 MT
(Petersen explained)
156 W( that each ParcTab was associated with a)155 W
31308 64906 MT
(Lotus Notes being a good)
16 W( example.  Transparency can only go)17 W
7200 65722 MT
(user, and that loss of a Tab)
143 W( was as serious as losing a key,)144 W
31308 66011 MT
(so far: things like)
512 W( conflicts and cache misses during)511 W
7200 66827 MT
(though some additional security could be provided)
91 W( via a PIN)90 W
31308 67116 MT
(disconnections are impossible to hide.  Finally, Amal)
5 W( observed)6 W
7200 67932 MT
(code. Doug)
311 W( Terry added that the privileges of a Tab could be)43 W
31308 68221 MT
(that it is logistically much)
69 W( simpler to provide support entirely)68 W
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7200 7817 MT
(at the client end.  Server-end)
93 W( changes render existing servers)94 W
31308 XM
(there was money to be)
344 W( made in mobile computing, but)343 W
7200 8922 MT
(incompatible, and are thus much less attractive.)
52 W( This)
328 W( remains)51 W
31308 XM
(admitted that she was)
140 W( unable to substantiate this belief with)141 W
7200 10027 MT
(true even when server changes)
109 W( offer substantial functionality)110 W
31308 XM
(specific data.)SH
7200 11132 MT
(or performance gains.)SH
32028 11685 MT
(The next panelist, James Kempf of Sun Microsystems,)
84 W( was)83 W
7920 12790 MT
(Murray Mazer \050now at the OSF Research Institute\051)
159 W( spoke)158 W
31308 XM
(very brief.  His primary message was that mobile computing)99 W
7200 13895 MT
(next, and reported on)
15 W( his experience with mobile computing at)16 W
31308 XM
(applications would benefit greatly)
199 W( from widespread support)198 W
7200 15000 MT
(Digital Equipment.  He observed that a)
52 W( broad range of people)51 W
31308 XM
(for a special language that would allow applications)
380 W( to)381 W
7200 16105 MT
(in the computer industry \050ranging from Bill)
57 W( Gates and market)58 W
31308 XM
(download code easily.)
284 W( In)
791 W( response to Peter Honeyman's)283 W
7200 17210 MT
(analysts to real users\051 believe that there is a)
29 W( market for mobile)28 W
31308 XM
(prompt about Telescript, he agreed)
139 W( that the language should)140 W
7200 18315 MT
(computing. He)
815 W( therefore believes that there is definitely)296 W
31308 XM
(not be proprietary.)SH
7200 19420 MT
(money to be made in it.  He then pointed out that)
11 W( mobility will)10 W
32028 19973 MT
(The last panelist, Bob O'Hara from)
514 W( Microsoft, was)513 W
7200 20525 MT
(not be the differentiating)
53 W( factor in the future; rather, it will be)54 W
31308 21078 MT
(confident that there was money to be made)
396 W( in mobile)397 W
7200 21630 MT
(the norm.  Exactly)
9 W( when this will happen depends on when the)8 W
31308 22183 MT
(computing. He)
943 W( observed that there were three portable)358 W
7200 22735 MT
(infrastructure for mobility becomes widespread.)
194 W( Regarding)615 W
31308 23288 MT
(computers in his presence right there at the workshop:)
285 W( a)286 W
7200 23840 MT
(applications, Murray observed that users are intolerant)
71 W( of bad)70 W
31308 24393 MT
(laptop, a pager, and a)
193 W( watch which was a joint product of)192 W
7200 24945 MT
(interfaces. They)
359 W( will not go through poor)
67 W( interfaces to get to)68 W
31308 25498 MT
(Microsoft and Timex that could download his schedule)
105 W( from)106 W
7200 26050 MT
(the cute functionality as we implementors might.)
116 W( They)
455 W( hate)115 W
31308 26603 MT
(software running on a PC.  Peter)
12 W( Honeyman asked whether we)11 W
7200 27155 MT
(poor performance and unannounced missing)
328 W( functionality.)329 W
31308 27708 MT
(were likely to)
62 W( see body implants, to which Bob replied that it)63 W
7200 28260 MT
(Hence we)
106 W( should strive to make the user-visible components)105 W
31308 28813 MT
(didn't matter)
5 W( whether the hardware was worn on the outside or)4 W
7200 29365 MT
(easy to use; this, in turn, requires us to manage complexity in)56 W
31308 29918 MT
(the inside.  Regarding transparency, Bob was of the opinion)124 W
7200 30470 MT
(applications and services.  He)
44 W( expressed the belief that people)43 W
31308 31023 MT
(that it was important because it was the)
70 W( key to allowing third)69 W
7200 31575 MT
(will pay for)
348 W( valuable functionality; for example, cellular)349 W
31308 32128 MT
(party software developers)
95 W( to write applications easily.  Barry)96 W
7200 32680 MT
(phones are popular even though their use)
17 W( is expensive.  Rather)16 W
31308 33233 MT
(Leiner asked)
55 W( how he hoped to hide limitations of the network)54 W
7200 33785 MT
(than focusing)
405 W( on vertical applications, which is today's)406 W
31308 34338 MT
(for applications like video, to)
106 W( which Bob replied that he had)107 W
7200 34890 MT
(market, he suggested that remote information access was)313 W
31308 35443 MT
(not given this class of applications serious)
142 W( thought.  On the)141 W
7200 35995 MT
(going to be the fastest)
76 W( growing and key class of applications.)77 W
31308 36548 MT
(matter of mobile applications, Bob observed that vertically)213 W
7200 37100 MT
(Finally, Murray argued for making quality of)
196 W( service more)195 W
31308 37653 MT
(integrated applications like appointment books tended)
174 W( to be)173 W
7200 38205 MT
(explicit in applications: be more careful)
386 W( in setting user)387 W
31308 38758 MT
(the most successful.)SH
7200 39310 MT
(expectations, and allow users to make)
5 W( explicit tradeoffs of cost)4 W
7200 40415 MT
(and performance as far as possible.)SH
32028 40416 MT
(The rest of the panel session consisted of a number)
262 W( of)263 W
31308 41521 MT
(discussions spanning the range of topics touched upon by the)74 W
7920 42073 MT
(The third)
282 W( panelist, Bill Fitler of Lotus, reported on his)283 W
31308 42626 MT
(panelists. Amal,)
537 W( Bill Fitler,)
156 W( and Satya engaged in a heated)157 W
7200 43178 MT
(experience with the CcMail and Notes products.  He)
238 W( first)237 W
31308 43731 MT
(discussion about)
86 W( the level of abstraction at which support for)85 W
7200 44283 MT
(pointed out that there was definitely money to be made)
194 W( in)195 W
31308 44836 MT
(mobility should be provided.  Amal argued that the support)149 W
7200 45388 MT
(mobile computing, and that the)
365 W( popularity of these two)364 W
31308 45941 MT
(should be)
211 W( at the file system level, because all applications)210 W
7200 46493 MT
(products was proof.)
170 W( He)
567 W( emphasized that total transparency)171 W
31308 47046 MT
(could benefit from it.)
315 W( Bill)
857 W( countered that providing the)316 W
7200 47598 MT
(was never going to be possible, and)
287 W( that users were not)286 W
31308 48151 MT
(support at)
40 W( a higher level \050such as the Lotus Notes application\051)39 W
7200 48703 MT
(expecting it)
387 W( anyway.  Mobility results in a very harsh)388 W
31308 49256 MT
(allowed more information to be)
139 W( used for conflict resolution.)140 W
7200 49808 MT
(environment for applications, and they often fail)
196 W( in serious)195 W
31308 50361 MT
(Satya pointed out that this need not be)
26 W( an "either/or" situation:)25 W
7200 50913 MT
(ways under these circumstances.  Bill also)
82 W( noted that support)83 W
31308 51466 MT
(Coda provides support)
226 W( at the file system level, but allows)227 W
7200 52018 MT
(for mobility is)
75 W( much like support for fault tolerance: it has to)74 W
31308 52571 MT
(application-specific resolvers to be transparently invoked)
7 W( upon)6 W
7200 53123 MT
(be built-in and cannot be added on later.)SH
31308 53676 MT
(detection of a conflict.)SH
7920 54781 MT
(Dorota Huizinga was the next panelist, speaking)
118 W( on behalf)119 W
32028 55334 MT
(A second topic of discussion)
99 W( was on the issue of usability.)100 W
7200 55886 MT
(of herself and her)
437 W( collaborator Ken Heflinger of AST)436 W
31308 56439 MT
(Satya observed)
115 W( that the harder one worked to mask the ugly)114 W
7200 56991 MT
(Research. She)
697 W( began by)
236 W( noting that their work had been)237 W
31308 57544 MT
(characteristics of a)
120 W( mobile environment, the more difficult it)121 W
7200 58096 MT
(inspired by Coda, and that)
18 W( they had persisted in their efforts to)17 W
31308 58649 MT
(was to explain)
75 W( to naive users what had gone wrong when the)74 W
7200 59201 MT
(implement disconnected operation in DOS in)
68 W( spite of the fact)69 W
31308 59754 MT
(masking was no longer feasible.)
16 W( The)
259 W( panelists agreed that this)17 W
7200 60306 MT
(that their measurements of)
560 W( write-sharing in the AST)559 W
31308 60859 MT
(was indeed a difficult problem.  Murray)
52 W( Mazer and Bill Fitler)51 W
7200 61411 MT
(environment were significantly)
73 W( higher than those reported for)74 W
31308 61964 MT
(gave simple examples of how errors could be)
196 W( presented to)197 W
7200 62516 MT
(Coda. For)
509 W( the same reasons that)
142 W( the previous panelists had)141 W
31308 63069 MT
(users in meaningful and)
35 W( easily-understood ways, but everyone)34 W
7200 63621 MT
(cited, their work was an entirely)
177 W( client-side implementation)178 W
31308 64174 MT
(agreed that these merely scratched the surface)
157 W( of a difficult)158 W
7200 64726 MT
(with no server changes.  Dorota noted)
292 W( that many of the)291 W
31308 65279 MT
(problem.)SH
7200 65831 MT
(implementation challenges they faced had nothing)
86 W( to do with)87 W
7200 66936 MT
(mobility; rather, they)
84 W( were caused by the memory addressing)83 W
32028 66937 MT
(Marvin Theimer warned panelists not to place so much)
33 W( trust)32 W
7200 68041 MT
(limitations of DOS.  Finally, she expressed the belief that)224 W
31308 68042 MT
(in marketing surveys.)
217 W( After)
660 W( all, pen-based computing had)218 W
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7200 7817 MT
(been predicted to be a major market but there are no signs of)
9 W( it)8 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
31308 7937 MT
(3.2. Lotus Notes and CCMail Mobile)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7200 8922 MT
(taking off yet.  He)
46 W( then offered the opinion that entertainment)47 W
32028 9238 MT
(These two popular)
93 W( products from Lotus were demonstrated)92 W
7200 10027 MT
(\050including games such as multi-user Doom!\051)
218 W( would be the)217 W
31308 10343 MT
(by Bill Fitler.  They)
31 W( are both examples of vertically integrated)32 W
7200 11132 MT
(driving force)
15 W( of mobile computing.  If this turns out to be true,)16 W
31308 11448 MT
(applications that originated in LAN networks)
143 W( but have been)142 W
7200 12237 MT
(he observed, the entertainment industry might pay for the)
38 W( cost)37 W
31308 12553 MT
(extended to mobile environments.)SH
7200 13342 MT
(of the mobile infrastructure.  There was)
620 W( substantial)621 W
32028 14211 MT
(Notes is)
383 W( relevant to mobile computing because of its)384 W
7200 14447 MT
(disagreement on this)
134 W( conjecture.  Many among the audience)133 W
31308 15316 MT
(replication model.  A client can connect)
137 W( to the network and)136 W
7200 15552 MT
(and panelists considered it unlikely)
109 W( that entertainment would)110 W
31308 16421 MT
(obtain a replica from a server.)
51 W( Once)
328 W( a replica is downloaded,)52 W
7200 16657 MT
(pave the way for other mobile computing applicatons.)SH
31308 17526 MT
(it can be used "off-line" \050i.e., disconnected from its server\051.)148 W
7920 18315 MT
(Dan Duchamp directed the)
47 W( panelists' attention to a different)46 W
31308 18631 MT
(Considerable effort is made to hide whether you are on-line)
24 W( or)25 W
7200 19420 MT
(topic: academic research on mobile computing)
36 W( has focused on)37 W
31308 19736 MT
(off-line, but)
65 W( user control is possible via a sequence of menus.)64 W
7200 20525 MT
(Unix, while industry)
478 W( is almost exclusively focused on)477 W
31308 20841 MT
(There is a full scripting language for creating filters so)
149 W( that)150 W
7200 21630 MT
(Windows/DOS. Dan)
965 W( asked whether this was a healthy)371 W
31308 21946 MT
(only desired information)
147 W( is collected from the server in any)146 W
7200 22735 MT
(dichotomy, and whether academic research)
142 W( should switch to)141 W
31308 23051 MT
(given connection.)SH
7200 23840 MT
(Windows/DOS. Bob)
1165 W( O'Hara replied that the)
470 W( industry)471 W
32028 24709 MT
(CCMail Mobile looks identical to the LAN version, with the)19 W
7200 24945 MT
(approach could be characterized as)
241 W( "Small steps for small)240 W
31308 25814 MT
(addition of)
180 W( one new menu which deals with all the mobile)179 W
7200 26050 MT
(minds." With)
599 W( the passage of time,)
187 W( the Windows family is)188 W
31308 26919 MT
(aspects. This)
883 W( allows a user to send, receive and)
329 W( move)330 W
7200 27155 MT
(getting to be more)
458 W( like Unix.  Further, visitors from)457 W
31308 28024 MT
(messages back and forth between a mobile)
27 W( client and a server.)26 W
7200 28260 MT
(universities do contribute their)
15 W( Unix biases to industry.  Hence)16 W
31308 29129 MT
(The system allows you to)
91 W( set up default usage locations, and)92 W
7200 29365 MT
(Bob advised academia against giving up on)
112 W( Unix, but not to)111 W
31308 30234 MT
(to associate those locations with attributes)
218 W( such as modem)217 W
7200 30470 MT
(forget about desktop systems such as Windows.)SH
31308 31339 MT
(type and dial prefixes.  A variety)
508 W( of communication)509 W
7920 32128 MT
(The last few)
117 W( minutes of the panel session were spent on a)118 W
31308 32444 MT
(mechanisms, including over 150 modem types, are)
56 W( supported.)55 W
7200 33233 MT
(potpourri of topics ranging from cellular telephones to)
2 W( a revisit)1 W
31308 33549 MT
(These can be tried)
12 W( in order rolling over from one to the next to)13 W
7200 34338 MT
(of the importance)
62 W( of entertainment.  But the long day and the)63 W
31308 34654 MT
(discover a communication mechanism that works at)
381 W( the)380 W
7200 35443 MT
(aroma of hors-d'oeurves from the next room sapped)
52 W( the vigor)51 W
31308 35759 MT
(current location.  Scheduling)
65 W( functions exist to allow the user)66 W
7200 36548 MT
(of the discussions.  The panel and the day)
126 W( ended on a quiet)127 W
31308 36864 MT
(to contact the server at startup,)
155 W( closedown or user specified)154 W
7200 37653 MT
(note.)SH
31308 37969 MT
(intervals. Filters)
355 W( can)
65 W( be constructed to select messages based)66 W
31308 39074 MT
(on criteria such as size and priority.)SH
12 /Times-Bold AF
7200 39713 MT
(3. Thursday Evening: Exhibits)SH
11 SS 
31308 40979 MT
(3.3. PARC Tab)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7920 41058 MT
(A set of exhibits from)
125 W( industry and universities, organized)124 W
7200 42163 MT
(by Peter Honeyman,)
298 W( was displayed concurrently with the)299 W
32028 42280 MT
(Norman Adams)
36 W( from Xerox PARC demonstrated the PARC)35 W
7200 43268 MT
(reception at the end of)
252 W( the first day.  Peter had done an)251 W
31308 43385 MT
(Tab hardware that has been used in a variety of)
74 W( experimental)75 W
7200 44373 MT
(admirable job of ensuring that)
229 W( the exhibits were not mere)230 W
31308 44490 MT
(projects. The)
879 W( Tab has a small, graphics-capable screen,)327 W
7200 45478 MT
(marketing glitter but had)
108 W( something insightful to offer to the)107 W
31308 45595 MT
(128KB of memory, and)
517 W( an infrared transeiver.  The)518 W
7200 46583 MT
(participants of the workshop.  There were six exhibits,)
235 W( of)236 W
31308 46700 MT
(infrastructure at)
96 W( PARC consists of room-sized cells equipped)95 W
7200 47688 MT
(which two were commercial)
87 W( products and four were research)86 W
31308 47805 MT
(with infrared tranceivers.  Each Tab has a server)
260 W( process)261 W
7200 48793 MT
(prototypes. Each)
225 W( is briefly described below.)SH
31308 48910 MT
(running on its behalf on a workstation)
87 W( on the wired network.)86 W
31308 50015 MT
(Applications on a Tab can be implemented as Tcl scripts)
69 W( that)70 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
7200 50698 MT
(3.1. IBM Mobile FileSync)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
31308 51120 MT
(are executed on the server, or as standalone)
177 W( programs with)176 W
7920 51999 MT
(Amal Shaheen)
670 W( and Tom Porcaro of IBM Austin)671 W
31308 52225 MT
(surrogate processes on the server.)SH
7200 53104 MT
(demonstrated a new IBM)
112 W( product, Mobile FileSync, that has)111 W
32028 53883 MT
(The demo consisted of two cells and a)
440 W( Sparcstation)441 W
7200 54209 MT
(been bundled with Lanserver 4.0)
41 W( for OS/2.  Inspired by Coda,)42 W
31308 54988 MT
(functioning as server.)
172 W( The)
567 W( concept illustrated by the demo)171 W
7200 55314 MT
(but differing considerably in its detailed design,)
121 W( this product)120 W
31308 56093 MT
(was that of "proximate selection".  One example consists)
58 W( of a)59 W
7200 56419 MT
(supports disconnected file access)
215 W( in OS/2.  The support is)216 W
31308 57198 MT
(user walking into)
139 W( a cell, and selecting "forward call" on his)138 W
7200 57524 MT
(entirely at the client end, with no)
47 W( changes required to existing)46 W
31308 58303 MT
(Tab: his phone calls are)
79 W( automatically forwarded to the room)80 W
7200 58629 MT
(servers. The)
691 W( current version of Mobile)
233 W( FileSync provides)234 W
31308 59408 MT
(he is in.  Another example consists of)
145 W( an application to list)144 W
7200 59734 MT
(support for hoarding, as well as for step-by-step reintegration)77 W
31308 60513 MT
(available printers, with nearest first:)
61 W( when the user walks to a)62 W
7200 60839 MT
(via an interactive process.)
365 W( An)
957 W( important aspect of the)366 W
31308 61618 MT
(different room, the display automatically changes.)SH
7200 61944 MT
(implementation is)
236 W( that it is layered entirely above the file)235 W
7200 63049 MT
(system switch.  As a result,)
268 W( the support for disconnected)269 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
31308 63523 MT
(3.4. Wit)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7200 64154 MT
(operation works with any file system below)
97 W( the switch.  The)96 W
32028 64824 MT
(Wit is)
198 W( a research prototype built by Terri Watson of the)197 W
7200 65259 MT
(exhibit involved two IBM ThinkPad laptops)
186 W( on an infrared)187 W
31308 65929 MT
(University of Washington.  The client hardware consists of)177 W
7200 66364 MT
(wireless LAN.)SH
31308 67034 MT
(infrared transcievers developed)
303 W( for the Xerox PARC Tab)302 W
31308 68139 MT
(project and stock)
70 W( HP 1000LX palmtops.  Largely unmodified)71 W
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7200 7817 MT
(PARC Tab code implements low-level transport.)SH
31308 XM
(Later, Barry asked whether it was appropriate to)
77 W( consider the)76 W
31308 8922 MT
(proposed scheme end-to-end,)
177 W( because the intermediate code)178 W
7920 9475 MT
(The software system)
493 W( consists of two components: a)492 W
31308 10027 MT
(violates the end-to-end reliability semantics of TCP.  The)252 W
7200 10580 MT
(network-side proxy and a)
217 W( palmtop system that extends the)218 W
31308 11132 MT
(session chair)
123 W( shared the same concern and seconded Barry's)124 W
7200 11685 MT
(DOS environment to support)
349 W( multiple active applications)348 W
31308 12237 MT
(comment. Raj)
309 W( replied that the situation)
42 W( was no different from)41 W
7200 12790 MT
(through windowing, user threads, and)
194 W( network connections.)195 W
31308 13342 MT
(that of a gateway.)SH
7200 13895 MT
(Tcl interpreters in both components serve)
293 W( as the primary)292 W
7200 15000 MT
(application programming interface.  Application)
88 W( functionality)89 W
32028 XM
(Nigel Davies presented the second paper, describing)516 W
7200 16105 MT
(is partitioned between the proxy and palmtop by)
74 W( dynamically)73 W
31308 XM
(experience with a mobile)
8 W( application for the electric utilities in)7 W
7200 17210 MT
(defining and executing new Tcl functions on the)
71 W( remote side,)72 W
31308 XM
(the UK.  The goal)
86 W( is to help linemen collaboarate effectively)87 W
7200 18315 MT
(with the goal of reducing both bandwidth consumption)
174 W( and)173 W
31308 XM
(with each other and with control rooms.)
416 W( The)
1055 W( system)415 W
7200 19420 MT
(user-perceived latency.  Terri)
65 W( observed that Tcl treats all data)66 W
31308 XM
(developed for this requires each lineman to have a laptop)
29 W( with)30 W
7200 20525 MT
(as strings, which)
234 W( can complicate applications' use of non-)233 W
31308 XM
(support for wide-area wireless)
235 W( communication.  The client)234 W
7200 21630 MT
(ASCII data.)SH
31308 XM
(software includes collaborative tools)
448 W( for displaying and)449 W
31308 22735 MT
(editing maps and provides users with feedback on the quality)74 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
7200 23535 MT
(3.5. Marine Maintenance Assistant)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
31308 23840 MT
(of the underlying communications network.  Initial)
58 W( trials with)59 W
7920 24836 MT
(Arup Mukherjee, of the VuMan)
74 W( project at Carnegie Mellon)75 W
31308 24945 MT
(the system have been conducted, and wider)
221 W( deployment is)220 W
7200 25941 MT
(University, demonstrated a wearable)
12 W( computer.  It consisted of)11 W
31308 26050 MT
(expected. In)
403 W( response to a question from Mary Baker,)
89 W( Nigel)90 W
7200 27046 MT
(a small computer with a Private Eye display and)
83 W( a hand held)84 W
31308 27155 MT
(said that)
100 W( the main feedback from users was that they wanted)99 W
7200 28151 MT
(controller with three buttons.  The software on the machine)149 W
31308 28260 MT
(the client software)
12 W( to look and feel more like Windows.  Users)13 W
7200 29256 MT
(was customized for)
176 W( a specific application, that of access to)177 W
31308 29365 MT
(also wanted the)
203 W( collaboration software to better distinguish)202 W
7200 30361 MT
(documentation for maintenance tasks.)
353 W( The)
930 W( demonstrated)352 W
31308 30470 MT
(input from different users.  Barry Leiner)
433 W( asked where)434 W
7200 31466 MT
(version of)
37 W( the system was 80C186-based, but later versions of)38 W
31308 31575 MT
(information about)
71 W( network quality was obtained, and whether)70 W
7200 32571 MT
(the system will be 386-based.)SH
31308 32680 MT
(the TCP stack was bypassed in doing so.)
117 W( Nigel)
461 W( replied that)118 W
31308 33785 MT
(TCP was)
311 W( not used, and that the custom-built RPC layer)310 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
7200 34476 MT
(3.6. Teleporting)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
31308 34890 MT
(provided an interface for applications to obtain information)188 W
7920 35777 MT
(Frazer Bennett showed a brief)
89 W( video to illustrate his earlier)88 W
31308 35995 MT
(about network quality.)SH
7200 36882 MT
(talk on Teleporting.  The video showed)
233 W( people wandering)234 W
32028 37653 MT
(The third)
206 W( paper in this session addressed the problem of)205 W
7200 37987 MT
(around, pressing their active badge buttons and)
271 W( having X)270 W
31308 38758 MT
(wireless communication between mobile)
248 W( hosts in locations)249 W
7200 39092 MT
(displays migrate to their current location.)SH
31308 39863 MT
(where there are no base stations or)
16 W( other mobile infrastructure.)15 W
31308 40968 MT
(Dave Johnson described a)
417 W( protocol in which the hosts)418 W
12 /Times-Bold AF
7200 41152 MT
(4. Friday, December 9)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
31308 42073 MT
(themselves serve as forwarding agents and thus constitute)
99 W( an)98 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
7200 43057 MT
(4.1. Networks & Protocols)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
31308 43178 MT
(impromptu mobile infrastructure.)
652 W( There)
1531 W( was heated)653 W
31308 44283 MT
(discussion over whether a user would like his)
299 W( machine's)298 W
7920 44358 MT
(The first session of the)
49 W( second day was devoted to the topic)50 W
31308 45388 MT
(cycles to be used for)
126 W( routing someone else's packets.  Dave)127 W
7200 45463 MT
(of networking and protocol issues in mobile computing.)363 W
31308 46493 MT
(observed that this was the price of membeship in)
129 W( an ad hoc)128 W
7200 46568 MT
(Ramon Caceres chaired the session, in lieu of Krishan)
10 W( Sabnani)11 W
31308 47598 MT
(mobile network.)
87 W( Terri)
401 W( Watson asked if signal strength could)88 W
7200 47673 MT
(who was unable to attend due to a personal emergency.)SH
31308 48703 MT
(be modified under program control; Dave replied that)
74 W( current)73 W
7920 49331 MT
(In the first paper, Raj Yavatkar examined the problem of)169 W
31308 49808 MT
(wireless hardware does not permit this.)SH
7200 50436 MT
(end-to-end TCP adaptation)
348 W( in mobile environments.  He)349 W
32028 51466 MT
(Finally, Allen Lao of UC)
114 W( Berkeley presented a paper on a)115 W
7200 51541 MT
(observed that such communication)
310 W( often involves a short)309 W
31308 52571 MT
(video transport protocol for wireless networks.)
221 W( The)
666 W( novel)220 W
7200 52646 MT
(wireless segment and a much longer LAN)
82 W( or WAN segment.)83 W
31308 53676 MT
(feature of this protocol is its ability to dynamically adapt)
94 W( the)95 W
7200 53751 MT
(Standard TCP code fails to recognize the very)
349 W( different)348 W
31308 54781 MT
(bandwidth required to the current content of the video.)377 W
7200 54856 MT
(reliability characteristics)
155 W( of these two segments, resulting in)156 W
31308 55886 MT
(Specifically, video segments with a large amount of motion)152 W
7200 55961 MT
(unsatisfactory performance.  Raj described a solution)
21 W( in which)20 W
31308 56991 MT
(can be rendered in a lossy)
443 W( manner without noticeable)442 W
7200 57066 MT
(intermediary code allows TCP to independently adapt to)
130 W( the)131 W
31308 58096 MT
(degradation of picture quality.)
186 W( Allen)
598 W( noted that this is the)187 W
7200 58171 MT
(characteristics of the two segments.)
215 W( His)
653 W( solution provides)214 W
31308 59201 MT
(opposite of MPEG, where segments)
94 W( with lots of motion tend)93 W
7200 59276 MT
(substantially better performance, while preserving)
218 W( complete)219 W
31308 60306 MT
(to result in higher bandwidth requirements.)
43 W( Jim)
313 W( Kempf asked)44 W
7200 60381 MT
(upward compatibility with)
59 W( existing clients and servers.  Barry)58 W
31308 61411 MT
(how this worked with)
133 W( video conferencing, where lip sync is)132 W
7200 61486 MT
(Leiner asked whether the goal of not changing TCP was)
184 W( a)185 W
31308 62516 MT
(important. Allen)
427 W( replied that)
101 W( this could be handled by using)102 W
7200 62591 MT
(valid one.  TCP was designed with certain link-level)477 W
31308 63621 MT
(low resolution for the mouth area, but)
182 W( ensuring that it was)181 W
7200 63696 MT
(characteristics in mind, and if those cannot)
51 W( be met, it is better)52 W
31308 64726 MT
(sampled frequently.  The talk ended with a brief video)349 W
7200 64801 MT
(to redesign TCP.)
108 W( Raj)
440 W( disagreed, saying that preserving TCP)107 W
31308 65831 MT
(demonstrating the concepts.)SH
7200 65906 MT
(unchanged as far as possible)
189 W( has enormous practical value.)190 W
7200 67011 MT
(Further, the 10-12% packet loss typical of wireless segments)102 W
7200 68116 MT
(is far too high; improving)
239 W( link-level reliabilty is essential.)240 W
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31308 7817 MT
(work done)
20 W( at Xerox by Schilit and Theimer on using multicast)19 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
7200 7937 MT
(4.2. Accessing the World-Wide Web)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
31308 8922 MT
(to limit update traffic was relevant here.  Darrel Long asked if)31 W
7920 9238 MT
(Over a)
281 W( short period of time, the World-Wide Web has)280 W
31308 10027 MT
(subscription is transitive,)
75 W( and was told that it was not.  There)74 W
7200 10343 MT
(acquired star status as an information repository.)
7 W( This)
241 W( session,)8 W
31308 11132 MT
(was an extended debate about the meaning of "go back to the)59 W
7200 11448 MT
(chaired by Jay Kistler, focused on the)
112 W( topic of accessing the)111 W
31308 12237 MT
(previous document", when the information used)
168 W( to generate)167 W
7200 12553 MT
(Web from mobile clients.)SH
31308 13342 MT
(the previous document might no longer be available.)
221 W( Jim)669 W
7920 14211 MT
(The session began with Joel Bartlett describing his)528 W
31308 14447 MT
(Cummiskey observed that the previous)
117 W( document would still)116 W
7200 15316 MT
(experience with)
181 W( implementing a Web browser on an Apple)180 W
31308 15552 MT
(be in)
65 W( the local cache.  Finally, in response to a question from)66 W
7200 16421 MT
(Newton, communicating via a low-bandwidth wireless)
190 W( link.)191 W
31308 16657 MT
(David Steere, Geoff said that not much)
87 W( thought had yet been)86 W
7200 17526 MT
(The talk was accompanied)
183 W( by a video demonstration.  Joel)182 W
31308 17762 MT
(given to the issue of security.)SH
7200 18631 MT
(observed that his strategy)
117 W( of partitioning applications so that)118 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
31308 19667 MT
(4.3. Privacy & Anonymity)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7200 19736 MT
(the CPU-intensive processing occurred on powerful)
207 W( servers)206 W
7200 20841 MT
(was critical to good performance; a German team that had)
9 W( also)10 W
32028 20968 MT
(The first session after lunch was)
190 W( a panel on the topic of)191 W
7200 21946 MT
(done a PDA)
97 W( implementation of Mosaic had gotten only 10%)96 W
31308 22073 MT
(privacy and anonymity,)
97 W( chaired by Marvin Theimer.  One of)96 W
7200 23051 MT
(of Joel's performance.  Terri Watson pointed)
132 W( out that Joel's)133 W
31308 23178 MT
(the panelists, Amir Herzberg, was unable to)
257 W( attend due a)258 W
7200 24156 MT
(strategy was consistent with)
187 W( the design philosophy she had)186 W
31308 24283 MT
(personal emergency.)SH
7200 25261 MT
(espoused earlier in)
145 W( the workshop.  Frans Kaashoek inquired)146 W
32028 25941 MT
(The two)
511 W( panelists in attendance, Didier Samfat and)510 W
7200 26366 MT
(about prefetching,)
111 W( and Joel replied that the next PDA screen)110 W
31308 27046 MT
(N. Asokan, had independently addressed)
159 W( the same problem:)160 W
7200 27471 MT
(was prefetched.  Jim Kempf)
56 W( and Bob O'Hara asked about the)57 W
31308 28151 MT
(that of)
115 W( ensuring the privacy and anonymity of a mobile user)114 W
7200 28576 MT
(client-server protocol and)
159 W( the server hardware.  Joel replied)158 W
31308 29256 MT
(when he is far from)
151 W( the certifying agents he normally uses.)152 W
7200 29681 MT
(that the protocol was)
15 W( custom-designed, and that the server was)16 W
31308 30361 MT
(Both approaches were based on using public key encryption)
13 W( to)12 W
7200 30786 MT
(a DEC 5000 with a MIPS R3000 processor.)SH
31308 31466 MT
(design authentication protocols in such a way that the mobile)74 W
7920 32444 MT
(The second talk, by Josh Tauber, described a)
72 W( very different)71 W
31308 32571 MT
(user's identity is not revealed to unintended parties.  Didier)149 W
7200 33549 MT
(approach to mobile access of)
116 W( the Web.  Web documents are)117 W
31308 33676 MT
(presented a taxonomy of)
548 W( anonymity requirements and)549 W
7200 34654 MT
(now programs in Tcl/Tk that are executed at the client)
88 W( by an)87 W
31308 34781 MT
(presented a)
140 W( solution based on the use of one-time aliases in)139 W
7200 35759 MT
(interpreter that enforces safety.  At)
93 W( present the system works)94 W
31308 35886 MT
(authentication protocols in place of)
189 W( the user's real identity.)190 W
7200 36864 MT
(on IBM ThinkPad clients and Sparcstation servers over a)
163 W( 2)162 W
31308 36991 MT
(Asokan advocated)
465 W( the notion of "limited disclosure of)464 W
7200 37969 MT
(Mb/s WaveLAN wireless)
120 W( link.  Terri Watson questioned the)121 W
31308 38096 MT
(information" \050regarding the user's real identity\051 to obtain)307 W
7200 39074 MT
(basic assumption of the approach: namely, that authors would)52 W
31308 39201 MT
(practical anonymity.)SH
7200 40179 MT
(be willing to write programs rather)
243 W( than documents.  She)244 W
32028 40859 MT
(The first important issue raised was "is)
298 W( this a relevant)297 W
7200 41284 MT
(observed that a major reason for the success of the)
88 W( Web was)87 W
31308 41964 MT
(issue?" Amal)
449 W( Shaheen asked whether it)
112 W( is even desirable to)113 W
7200 42389 MT
(the simplicity)
387 W( of the HTML format.  Josh replied that)388 W
31308 43069 MT
(provide anonymity.  Asokan replied that it)
147 W( is a policy issue)146 W
7200 43494 MT
(authoring tools would help in)
540 W( this process, and that)539 W
31308 44174 MT
(and the goal is to be)
10 W( able to provide the mechanisms necessary)11 W
7200 44599 MT
(development of such tools was essential for the success of)
24 W( this)25 W
31308 45279 MT
(to make anonymity possible if it is desired.)SH
7200 45704 MT
(approach. Terri)
1295 W( then)
535 W( expressed skepticism about the)534 W
7200 46809 MT
(portability of the approach:  different versions of)
405 W( each)406 W
32028 46937 MT
(Another question that was debated at length involved)
184 W( the)183 W
7200 47914 MT
(document would be)
259 W( necessary, to allow different types of)258 W
31308 48042 MT
(reliability of such an approach.  A failed home site,)
324 W( or)325 W
7200 49019 MT
(clients and interpreters.  Karin Petersen)
186 W( agreed, saying that)187 W
31308 49147 MT
(intermediary, would leave the mobile user with)
116 W( no means of)115 W
7200 50124 MT
(translation between HTML and the client)
318 W( side filter was)317 W
31308 50252 MT
(obtaining services.  Asokan responded that it was no different)49 W
7200 51229 MT
(necessary; this would obviate the need for authors to forsee)
19 W( all)20 W
31308 51357 MT
(from today, if a store's attempt to validate a)
29 W( VISA card failed.)28 W
7200 52334 MT
(possible client configurations.  Josh observed)
199 W( that interface)198 W
31308 52462 MT
(In addition, Didier observed that the)
377 W( standard reliability)378 W
7200 53439 MT
(discovery techniques could be used to help.  Murray Mazer)149 W
31308 53567 MT
(measures such as duplication of)
119 W( servers within a domain are)118 W
7200 54544 MT
(suggested that for every type of mobile)
237 W( entity, there be a)236 W
31308 54672 MT
(taken to ensure that such essential)
436 W( services are highly)437 W
7200 55649 MT
(server agent that could perform)
469 W( appropriate translation.)470 W
31308 55777 MT
(available.)SH
7200 56754 MT
(Finally, Marvin Theimer)
9 W( proposed that attention be focused on)8 W
32028 57435 MT
(Josh Tauber asked who)
478 W( would pay for the cost of)477 W
7200 57859 MT
(defining a standard PDA interface,)
284 W( rather than supporting)285 W
31308 58540 MT
(establishing and maintaining intermediaries.  Didier replied)211 W
7200 58964 MT
(heterogeneity.)SH
31308 59645 MT
(that this would most likely be done)
152 W( by businesses, but may)151 W
7920 60622 MT
(In the final paper of this session,)
50 W( Geoff Voelker described a)49 W
31308 60750 MT
(also involve customer payment.  There was)
82 W( then an extended)83 W
7200 61727 MT
(publish/subscribe approach to contextual behavior in)
290 W( Web)291 W
31308 61855 MT
(discussion about encryption, and the need to make)
227 W( its use)226 W
7200 62832 MT
(documents. In)
486 W( this approach, active documents subscribe to)130 W
31308 62960 MT
(more widespread.)SH
7200 63937 MT
(some variables; these variables are)
209 W( periodically updated by)210 W
32028 64618 MT
(The final topic of discussion involved possible abuse)
240 W( of)241 W
7200 65042 MT
(agents. A)
339 W( change in a subscribed)
57 W( variable causes a document)56 W
31308 65723 MT
(location information.  Marvin Theimer gave the)
66 W( example of a)65 W
7200 66147 MT
(to be reloaded on a client.  Josh Tauber asked how this would)43 W
31308 66828 MT
(person whose path regularly goes)
139 W( past a pornographic store.)140 W
7200 67252 MT
(scale, since every time a variable changes)
121 W( the corresponding)120 W
31308 67933 MT
(While various conclusions may be drawn from this raw)
88 W( data,)87 W
7200 68357 MT
(agent has to inform all)
191 W( subscribers.  Geoff replied that the)192 W
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7200 7817 MT
(an entirely innocent explanation)
142 W( is possible: the person may)143 W
31308 XM
(heterogeneity, and \050c\051 battery power limitations.)SH
7200 8922 MT
(merely work next door.)
144 W( Many)
512 W( other similar examples were)143 W
32028 9475 MT
(The next panelist was David)
52 W( Steere, representing the "otter")51 W
7200 10027 MT
(discussed by the panelists and the audience.  After several)199 W
31308 10580 MT
(group. David)
287 W( said that his group was divided into two camps:)31 W
7200 11132 MT
(examples of how location information can be abused, a)352 W
31308 11685 MT
(Peter Honeyman \050whose views)
387 W( were too colorful to be)386 W
7200 12237 MT
(majority of the audience)
416 W( was convinced that protecting)417 W
31308 12790 MT
(mentioned in a respectable publication!\051,)
184 W( and everyone else)185 W
7200 13342 MT
(privacy was indeed)
184 W( important.  The examples revealed that)183 W
31308 13895 MT
(\050whose views are reported here\051.  The)
82 W( group felt that vertical)81 W
7200 14447 MT
(mobility increases)
273 W( the possibility of abuse in two distinct)274 W
31308 15000 MT
(applications \050such as the one described by)
7 W( Nigel Davies earlier)8 W
7200 15552 MT
(ways: first,)
1355 W( by permitting)
565 W( the perpetrators to work)564 W
31308 16105 MT
(in the)
6 W( workshop\051 and mobile infrastructure would be pervasive)5 W
7200 16657 MT
(unsupervised in remote)
148 W( locations; second, by providing new)149 W
31308 17210 MT
(in five years.  The)
321 W( main things individuals could do to)322 W
7200 17762 MT
(types of information that can be abused.)
111 W( For)
445 W( example, if an)110 W
31308 18315 MT
(influence the field)
22 W( would be to help develop the infrastructure,)21 W
7200 18867 MT
(insurance company obtains the)
217 W( cellular phone records of a)218 W
31308 19420 MT
(demonstrate the feasibility of)
191 W( mobile applications, and help)192 W
7200 19972 MT
(customer it may be able to determine that)
20 W( he often exceeds the)19 W
31308 20525 MT
(understand consumer needs.  The perceived obstacles)
356 W( to)355 W
7200 21077 MT
(speed limit and should therefore have his rates increased.)SH
31308 21630 MT
(commercial exploitation of mobility were: the development of)38 W
31308 22735 MT
(vertical applications, the need to)
378 W( provide interoperability)377 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
7200 22982 MT
(4.4. Panel: Agenda for Developers &)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
31308 23840 MT
(across a wide range of platforms, and the need for a wireless)81 W
11 /Times-Bold AF
9125 24087 MT
(Researchers)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
31308 24945 MT
(communication infrastructure.)SH
7920 25388 MT
(The final part of the workshop was an opportunity for)
72 W( each)73 W
7200 26493 MT
(participant to reflect)
175 W( on what he or she had heard over the)174 W
32028 26603 MT
(Bob O'Hara then summarized the deliberations of the)378 W
7200 27598 MT
(previous sessions, and to brainstorm with a small)
171 W( group on)172 W
31308 27708 MT
("whale" group.  In)
205 W( five years, this group believed that the)206 W
7200 28703 MT
(four questions:)SH
31308 28813 MT
(global wireless infrastructure would)
285 W( be deployed, that the)284 W
31308 29918 MT
(killer application for mobile computing)
309 W( would have been)310 W
9000 29927 MT
(1.)SH
9900 XM
(Where would you)
403 W( like the field of mobile)402 W
9900 30941 MT
(computing to be in 5 years?)SH
31308 31023 MT
(discovered, and that many different)
392 W( mobile devices and)391 W
31308 32128 MT
(gadgets would exist.  Individual researchers could help)413 W
9000 32562 MT
(2.)SH
9900 XM
(What can individual researchers do to)
90 W( influence)91 W
31308 33233 MT
(influence the)
486 W( field by trying to use and deploy new)485 W
9900 33576 MT
(the field?)SH
31308 34338 MT
(applications; university-based researchers were viewed to)
140 W( be)141 W
9000 35197 MT
(3.)SH
9900 XM
(What can industry do to)
17 W( make mobile computing)16 W
31308 35443 MT
(particularly well-positioned to contribute to the)
132 W( development)131 W
9900 36211 MT
(profitable?)SH
31308 36548 MT
(of wireless testbeds.  This)
59 W( group drew a blank on the issue of)60 W
31308 37653 MT
(profitability. The)
569 W( three big obstacles forseen by this group)171 W
9000 37832 MT
(4.)SH
9900 XM
(What are)
531 W( the 3 most important problems)532 W
31308 38758 MT
(were: \050a\051 imprecise)
70 W( disconnection semantics, \050b\051 absence of a)71 W
9900 38846 MT
(\050technical or otherwise\051 to be solved for mobile)88 W
9900 39860 MT
(computing to advance?)SH
31308 39863 MT
(ubiquitous infrastructure, and \050c\051)
485 W( running out of radio)484 W
31308 40968 MT
(spectrum \050especially for small companies that can't)
7 W( bid high at)8 W
7920 41518 MT
(The participants)
57 W( were divided into five groups.  Each group)58 W
31308 42073 MT
(FCC auctions\051.  One of the group members, Barbara Liskov,)99 W
7200 42623 MT
(had a leader, whose primary responsibilities were)
71 W( to facilitate)70 W
31308 43178 MT
(made two additional observations.  First, she observed that the)24 W
7200 43728 MT
(discussion and to bring the group back in)
142 W( time for the final)143 W
31308 44283 MT
(problems of mobile)
253 W( computing were specializations of the)252 W
7200 44833 MT
(panel session.)
219 W( The)
662 W( groups and their leaders were:  "seal")218 W
31308 45388 MT
(problems that researchers have been addressing for)
295 W( many)296 W
7200 45938 MT
(\050Terri Watson\051, "otter" \050Murray Mazer\051, "whale")
512 W( \050Bob)513 W
31308 46493 MT
(years in distributed computing.)
212 W( Second,)
647 W( she observed that)211 W
7200 47043 MT
(O'Hara\051, "dolphin" \050Mary Baker\051,)
11 W( and "sealion" \050Doug Terry\051.)10 W
31308 47598 MT
(mobile computing may require substantial revision)
302 W( to the)303 W
7200 48148 MT
(The groups)
121 W( had about an hour and a half to brainstorm, and)122 W
31308 48703 MT
(fundamental primitives of distributed computing,)
353 W( such as)352 W
7200 49253 MT
(many of them chose to hold their breakout)
77 W( meeting outdoors.)76 W
31308 49808 MT
(RPC.)SH
7200 50358 MT
(After the breakout session, we reconvened and one)
21 W( member of)22 W
7200 51463 MT
(each group reported its conclusions in the final panel session.)SH
32028 51466 MT
(The next)
81 W( panelist was Barry Leiner of the "dolphin" group.)82 W
31308 52571 MT
(In five years,)
172 W( this group expected mobile hardware to have)171 W
7920 53121 MT
(Ken Heflinger, representing "seal" group, spoke first.)
133 W( His)489 W
31308 53676 MT
(advanced to the point where a "desktop in a)
39 W( pocket" would be)40 W
7200 54226 MT
(group believed that in 5 years there would)
296 W( powerful but)297 W
31308 54781 MT
(a reality)
55 W( --- this would allow full sized screens and keyboards)54 W
7200 55331 MT
(affordable PDAs)
536 W( and that we would be living in a)535 W
31308 55886 MT
(to be effectively "rolled up" for portability.  But)
108 W( little global)109 W
7200 56436 MT
(predominantly paperless)
155 W( world.  The main thing researchers)156 W
31308 56991 MT
(improvement was expected in the area of)
41 W( networks: they were)40 W
7200 57541 MT
(can do to)
75 W( influence mobile computing is to figure out how to)74 W
31308 58096 MT
(expected to be sporadically)
116 W( available, of variable bandwidth,)117 W
7200 58646 MT
(make key technologies cheap, to)
434 W( work on fundamental)435 W
31308 59201 MT
(reliability, and heterogeneity.  Integrated)
128 W( information access,)127 W
7200 59751 MT
(technologies, and to combine things in useful and interesting)102 W
31308 60306 MT
(the perceived "killer application" for mobile computing, would)1 W
7200 60856 MT
(ways. Regarding)
422 W( profitability, this group believed that using)99 W
31308 61411 MT
(be pervasive.)
100 W( The)
424 W( group felt that the most effective way for)99 W
7200 61961 MT
(entertainment to whet people's appetites and)
457 W( exploiting)456 W
31308 62516 MT
(individuals to influence the field would be)
57 W( via prototypes that)58 W
7200 63066 MT
(advertising on PDAs as a)
379 W( source of revenue were two)380 W
31308 63621 MT
(opened users' eyes to new possibilities.)
116 W( Barry)
456 W( reiterated the)115 W
7200 64171 MT
(promising paths to paying for)
94 W( the mobile infrastructure.  The)93 W
31308 64726 MT
(point made earlier by Barbara Liskov, that many)
321 W( of the)322 W
7200 65276 MT
(three critical problems to be solved were perceived as:)
164 W( \050a\051)554 W
31308 65831 MT
(problems of mobile computing were)
267 W( really refinements of)266 W
7200 66381 MT
(realizing the global infrastructure \050wireless everywhere, at low)13 W
31308 66936 MT
(problems already encountered)
148 W( in distributed computing.  He)149 W
7200 67486 MT
(cost\051, \050b\051 the development of software to)
558 W( deal with)559 W
31308 68041 MT
(also reported that his group believed)
368 W( that a cooperative)367 W
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7200 7817 MT
(approach, like the Internet, was the best way for industry)
129 W( to)130 W
31308 XM
(were also able to contribute effectively to)
252 W( it.  They were)251 W
7200 8922 MT
(build an)
146 W( affordable mobile infrastructure and thus maximize)145 W
31308 XM
(especially appreciative of the informal format, the)
108 W( small size)109 W
7200 10027 MT
(profits. Finally,)
473 W( the three most pressing problems in mobile)124 W
31308 XM
(of the audience, and the quality of the presentations)
288 W( and)287 W
7200 11132 MT
(computing were perceived to be \050a\051)
168 W( power management \050b\051)167 W
31308 XM
(discussions. They)
679 W( confirmed that many thought-provoking)228 W
7200 12237 MT
(scale-related issues)
381 W( and \050c\051 user-perceived complexity in)382 W
31308 XM
(discussions and ideas arose during the workshop.)
32 W( Quite)
287 W( a few)31 W
7200 13342 MT
(dealing with enriched service abstractions)
117 W( in a resource-poor)116 W
31308 XM
(of them)
448 W( inquired whether there would be a follow-on)449 W
7200 14447 MT
(context.)SH
31308 XM
(workshop in a year or two.)SH
7920 16105 MT
(The last panelist to)
193 W( speak was Jim Rees of the "sealion")194 W
32028 XM
(Success does not, of course, come by)
286 W( accident.  Many)285 W
7200 17210 MT
(group. In)
454 W( five years, this group expected wide coverage via)114 W
31308 XM
(people worked hard behind the)
44 W( scenes to ensure it.  Crucial to)45 W
7200 18315 MT
(high-bandwidth wireless communication,)
1330 W( electronic)1331 W
31308 XM
(success were the efforts of my colleagues on the program)224 W
7200 19420 MT
(commerce, and interoperability via open services.  The)
74 W( group)73 W
31308 XM
(committee: Dan)
253 W( Duchamp, Peter)
14 W( Honeyman, Randy Katz, Jay)15 W
7200 20525 MT
(felt that the most effective way for individuals to influence)
19 W( the)20 W
31308 XM
(Kistler, Krishan Sabnani, Amal)
249 W( Shaheen, Marvin Theimer,)248 W
7200 21630 MT
(field was by developing)
62 W( better abstractions and metaphors for)61 W
31308 XM
(and Rich Wolff.  They did)
85 W( an excellent job of reviewing and)86 W
7200 22735 MT
(mobile adaptability, and by obtaining a better understanding of)2 W
31308 XM
(selecting papers on a tight)
27 W( schedule.  They also did a great job)26 W
7200 23840 MT
(trade-offs. Regarding)
423 W( the question of profitability, the)
99 W( group)98 W
31308 XM
(of chairing the workshop sessions ---)
111 W( keeping things moving)112 W
7200 24945 MT
(had four suggestions.  First, exploit cheap)
57 W( hardware.  Second,)58 W
31308 XM
(on time, but encouraging discussions.)SH
7200 26050 MT
(treat mobility as a premium and)
230 W( charge higher for mobile)229 W
32028 26603 MT
(Darrell Long,)
166 W( the General Chair, and the other organizers)165 W
7200 27155 MT
(services. Third,)
785 W( ensure easy access to mobile)
280 W( computing)281 W
31308 27708 MT
(\050Richard Golding, Peter)
102 W( Honeyman and Luis-Felipe Cabrera\051)103 W
7200 28260 MT
(facilities. And,)
229 W( finally, support electronic commerce in mobile)2 W
31308 28813 MT
(must also be complimented for their efforts in putting together)24 W
7200 29365 MT
(environments. In)
861 W( the opinion of)
318 W( this group, the biggest)319 W
31308 29918 MT
(a high-quality event.  My secretary, Marge)
32 W( Profeta, helped me)33 W
7200 30470 MT
(challenges facing mobile computing were:)
19 W( \050a\051 the absence of a)18 W
31308 31023 MT
(in numerous)
300 W( aspects of the workshop.  But, in the final)299 W
7200 31575 MT
(mobile infrastructure and facilities for billing)
68 W( \050b\051 the need for)69 W
31308 32128 MT
(analysis, it was)
295 W( the level of participation and enthusiasm)296 W
7200 32680 MT
(adaptability and \050c\051 the need for)
280 W( consistency \050so that the)279 W
31308 33233 MT
(exhibited by the attendees that made this such a)
163 W( productive)162 W
7200 33785 MT
(mobile world is not drastically different from the)
255 W( desktop)256 W
31308 34338 MT
(and enjoyable workshop.)SH
7200 34890 MT
(world\051.)SH
12 /Times-Bold AF
31308 36398 MT
(Obtaining the Proceedings)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7920 36548 MT
(After the reports by the panelists, the)
95 W( floor was opened for)94 W
7200 37653 MT
(general discussion.  Three major topics)
386 W( emerged.  One)387 W
32028 37743 MT
(Copies of the full proceedings of)
238 W( this workshop will be)239 W
7200 38758 MT
(discussion, involving John Saldanha, David)
328 W( Steere, Karin)327 W
31308 38848 MT
(available from)
156 W( the IEEE Computer Society after late March)155 W
7200 39863 MT
(Petersen and Mary Baker, focused on the)
182 W( question of what)183 W
31308 39953 MT
(1995. Its)
414 W( complete title is "Proceedings of the Workshop on)95 W
7200 40968 MT
(kind of devices it made sense to)
236 W( render mobile.  No real)235 W
31308 41058 MT
(Mobile Computing Systems and Applications", and its order)132 W
7200 42073 MT
(consensus emerged, and it was apparent that)
32 W( people held quite)33 W
31308 42163 MT
(number is PR06345.  The)
11 W( publisher can be contacted via email)12 W
7200 43178 MT
(a divergence of opinions on this.)
418 W( Another)
1059 W( discussion,)417 W
31308 43268 MT
(at cs.book@computer.org, via fax at \050714\051-821-4641, and)
84 W( via)83 W
7200 44283 MT
(involving Barry Leiner, Doug Terry, Peter Honeyman)
245 W( and)246 W
31308 44373 MT
(phone at 1-\050800\051-CS-BOOKS.)SH
7200 45388 MT
(Amal Shaheen, explored)
34 W( the claim that mobile computing was)33 W
7200 46493 MT
(merely a special case of distributed computing.)
483 W( The)1193 W
7200 47598 MT
(consensus that developed was that many of)
141 W( the problems of)140 W
7200 48703 MT
(mobile computing were indeed subsumed by)
415 W( distributed)416 W
7200 49808 MT
(computing; but there are)
62 W( important differences.  For example,)61 W
7200 50913 MT
(location transparency is)
45 W( often a goal in distributed computing,)46 W
7200 52018 MT
(whereas location awareness is a requirement in many)
99 W( mobile)98 W
7200 53123 MT
(applications. The)
347 W( third discussion, between)
61 W( David Steere and)62 W
7200 54228 MT
(Barry Leiner, examined the role)
65 W( of the entertainment industry)64 W
7200 55333 MT
(in mobile computing. David expressed the view that we)327 W
7200 56438 MT
(should bet on game manufacturers)
367 W( rather than computer)366 W
7200 57543 MT
(manufacturers being the driving force behind mobility.  Barry)52 W
7200 58648 MT
(disagreed, and said)
59 W( that history showed that the entertainment)58 W
7200 59753 MT
(industry was a follower not a leader.  But)
22 W( its ability to create a)23 W
7200 60858 MT
(giant market for communication and cheap)
43 W( hardware could be)42 W
7200 61963 MT
(exploited to advantage.)SH
12 /Times-Bold AF
7200 64023 MT
(5. Final Thoughts)SH
9 /Times-Roman AF
7920 65368 MT
(The feedback I have received from)
392 W( many participants)393 W
7200 66473 MT
(indicates that the workshop was quite a)
316 W( success.  Many)315 W
7200 67578 MT
(attendees felt that they had learned a lot at)
58 W( the workshop, and)59 W
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